A growing body of data has accumulated in the past decades about the possible role of nutritional factors in influencing the initiation and course of mental disorders as well as in the treatment of these disorders. As a result of the aggregation of this data a new field emerged – „nutritional psychiatry”. In our current review paper we discuss some of those natural agents that supposedly have antidepressive properties and, accordingly, may play a role in the stand-alone and/or adjuvant treatment of major depressive disorder.

Introduction: The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) is one of the most widely used measures of psychopathic traits in children. Callous-unemotional (CU) traits designate an important subgroup of antisocial youth characterized by lack of empathy, guilt and remorse. The aim of the present study was to test the applicability and reliability of the self-reported ICU in a high-risk sample of adolescent boys.
Methods: Participants were 202 adolescent boys (mean age: 16.63 years; SD = 1.71) from institutional care facilities and juvenile detention centres. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to investigate the factor structure of the ICU. In addition, MIMIC modelling (CFA with covariates) was applied to test the convergent validity of the ICU scores by examining relationships with externalizing symptoms (including conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, proactive-reactive aggression), and prosocial behaviour.
Results: We observed that the bifactor model with three correlated specific factors (callousness, uncaring and unemotional) and one general CU traits factor provided the best fit to the data. However, similar to previous studies, low internal consistency was found for the unemotional scale. In line with our expectations, CU traits showed positive associations with externalizing symptoms, and negative associations with prosocial behaviour.
Conclusion: The ICU is a reliable and valid measure of callous-unemotional traits. Our results support the application of the Hungarian version of the questionnaire.

Background: Quality of life is the individuals’ subjective evaluation of their general well-being, including physical and mental health, social relationships and everyday functionality. The aim of our study was to examine conduct disorder in terms of gender differences in prevalence, and relationship to quality of life domains in the presence or absence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder.
Methods: Altogether 392 adolescents, aged 13–18 years (M=14.5; SD= 1.37), participated in this study. The members of the clinical group were selected from Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary with externalizing symptoms in their case history. The control group was selected from public schools in Budapest, Hungary. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid was used to diagnose conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and parent and adolescent version of the Inventory of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen) was used to measure the children’s quality of life.
Results: In this sample 8.5% of adolescents were diagnosed with conduct disorder, of which 52.9% had a comorbid oppositional defiant diagnosis. Conduct disorder diagnosis was only present in the clinical group, 9 of participants with such diagnosis were male and 24 were female. Girls with conduct disorder evaluated their family life domain (p<0.01) and their global quality of life (p<0.05) lower than the boys. Compared to adolescents without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis, adolescents with conduct disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder had significantly worse quality of life in the domain of time spent alone (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Conduct disorder is associated with decreased quality of life. The presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder correlates with lower quality of life in several domains. These findings are considerable for the clinical management of these externalizing disorders.

Rapid development in information technology has been observed recently and has led to valuable developments also in healthcare. 3D-bio-printing or the virtual simulations that help the acquisition of anatomical and pathological knowledge and testing the acquired knowledge are just some of the examples. This progress can be recognized also in psychiatry. One of the most spectacular ways of using these technologies in psychiatry might be the therapeutic techniques associated with Virtual Reality (VR) simulations, which are currently available for anxiety disorders, eating disorders and addictions. A research team of the Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Department of the Semmelweis University has developed a Virtual Reality-based intervention that fits in with this perspective. The intervention mainly aims at Theory of Mind deficit and pragmatic language impairment in schizophrenia. In this article the current status of our research team’s work will be presented. The article reviews the literature that provides the basis for the development, leads the reader through the main stages of the development process, and finally the program itself will be introduced. Process and mechanism of change associated with the intervention and the potential risks of the use of VR will also be discussed.

This paper aims to review previous findings on the developmental trajectory of core executive functions – attentional control, inhibition, mental shifting, cognitive flexibility, and working memory – in adolescence with special attention to age-related stress-sensitivity in this period. More simple abilities, like attentional control and inhibition, go through a dramatic maturation process between the ages of 10 and 11. This is followed by a final progress, and as a result, after age 13–15 years acute stress deteriorates attentional control performance less, or it may even improve it. Working memory matures later, around 14–15 years, and it reaches the adult level at 17 years. Concerning mental shifting and cognitive flexibility, more maturation points could be identified: word fluency usually reaches full maturation at the age of 13, semantic fluency between the ages of 17 and 18, and general flexibility around 18-19 years. Based on the reviewed papers we could see that acute stress affects executive functions differently during adolescence, depending on how these functions mature. Those functions which develop later, are more sensitive to stress during the entire period of adolescence, and reviewed studies show that acute stress has a deteriorating effect on these functions. At the same time, early matured inhibition and attentional control are enhanced by acute stress in the half of the studies. Other theories and methodological issues are also discussed.

Edvard Munch was a Norwegian expressionist painter. His painting The Scream is one of the most wellknown visual art in the world. His works present psychologically significant topics such as anxiety, love, illness, and death. He was capable of displaying social and personal uncertainties and tensions in his artworks. In order to get to know the psychological functioning of his creativity, we used a special case study method of personality research – psychobiography – which aims to analyze the lives of culturally significant individuals through psychological theories and research. The focus of the publication was on The Frieze of Life series, which according to the creator, most express his artistic concept and his message. To interpret his creativity, we used the theory of Winnicott, Klein, and existential psychology. We especially emphasize the role of potential space, reparation and the benefits of the consciousness of death. According to our results, Munch kept the anxiety and tension caused by early object-relation disturbances under control with artistic sublimation and it was also the driving force for his artistic activity. However, the sublimation activity could not solve the internal tensions in the long run, which eventually led to a collapse.